Theory And Method Essay Final

Theory And Method Essay Final Theory And Method Essay Final Catherine Scott AFE1108-Theory and method in language study. When thinking about the question ‘What is Language’ it is imperative to consider many important factors which could determine an answer to such a broad statement. There are three main concepts which give an insight into what language actually is; it is most commonly seen as a kind of behaviour, a state of mind and a means of communication. Noam Chomsky a behaviourist of linguistics has studied the way in which our minds nurture language and argues that language is in the mind. We must already be aware of language before we learn sentences and word meanings for example if someone told one about a blue house one would presume this was in reference to the outside of the house as this is the natural thought process â€Å"One of the fundamental aspects of human language, according to Chomsky, is its creative nature† Stark 1998 which suggests that we can create and develop language through our own interpretation and knowledge systems and social contexts. There is more t o language than simply the words we speak. In her book ‘Thinking about language’ Chapman 2006 highlights areas of the question â€Å"What is language† by looking at different theorists approaches to the concept of language. This essay will consider the three factors mentioned about what language is. My own interpretation is that language is a vital part of everyday life used for many means of communication between humans and possibly other species and cultures; however this essay will focus mainly on the English language. Without interaction through different forms of language there would be no way of developing ideas and moving forward throughout history as there would have been a continuous breakdown in communication. Language is a far broader concept than simply the words which we speak or write down, evidence shows that even in times when there was no recorded language with structure or grammar there was still a level of communication between the species for example Cavemen. The communication used by Cavemen was drawings which have been found over time and shows that although there was no linguistic development a type of language was still evident. â€Å"Scientists who have been trawling through the DNA, found in Neanderthal bones have discovered that the now extinct species had a â€Å"language gene† that is only found in modern humans.†Gray 2007, these points raised by Gray justify that there may have been a coded communication between the cavemen possibly even a language. On the other hand any coded form of communication may be a language. Other examples of where language is not just words and writing is something such as Egyptian hieroglyphics and Morse code. Behaviourists such as Noam Chomsky suggest â€Å"The term ‘language’ is often used in quite a different way, referring not to some specific biologically determined system, but rather to any mode of communication or mode of expression, in some very general sense.† Chomsky 1983. Although there is no lexicon used between the cavemen they would have used a stimulus and responded to each other’s needs in their own way which is a form of communicating language. It could be suggested that language is a type of behaviour as there are examples from different theorists which imply this. For example â€Å"Language is people talking and writing. It is a concrete, tangible aspect of human behaviour.† Sampson 2001. His argument that language is a type of behaviour is brought about through an empirical scientific method meaning it is based on knowledge and taken from someone’s experience in that subject area. Sampson’s process for looking at language as a type of behaviour involved the steps of looking, listening, producing hypotheses, predicting the outcome using evidence and testing the hypotheses. Furthermore he suggested we must develop new or adapted hypotheses and test these against observable behaviour. The example used by Chapman 2006, is that if a person is hungry they

Earnest Hemingway Essays - Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Free Essays

Earnest Hemingway Essays - Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Free Essays Earnest Hemingway In A Clean Well-Lighted Place, Earnest Hemingway focuses on the pain of old age suffered by a man that we meet in a caf late one night. Through the use of dialogue, Hemingway creates three characters that symbolize the stages of life: birth, living, and death. Additionally, the tone of the story is created in three ways. First, he contrasts light and dark to show the difference between the difference between this man and the young people around him. Secondly, he uses the old mans deafness as an image of his separation from the rest of the world. Lastly, Hemingway uses the image of nada or nothing. Hemingways tone and choice of language leaves the reader feeling that they too cannot escape from the doldrums of the dead years of their own life. Through the language of dialogue, three characters emerge creating a symbolic illustration of the progression of life. The young waiter states, I have confidence, I am all confidence(258). He displays his eagerness to conquer the world. When we are young, we live for today, for ourselves, without regard for what the future may hold. Tomorrow is a dream; tomorrow is something left to the old. However, in all his confidence he lacks patience and understanding, which can only come with the experience of life. Because of this lack of experience, he is not capable of compassion for the old man You have youth confidence and a job the older waiter replies (258). The older waiter symbolizes the living stage of life. He is filled with despair, but not yet completely devoid of hope. He is uncertain of what the rest of his life may bring, but a modicum of hope still exists. The old waiter has the omniscient view of the three progressions of life. He has lived beyond his birth stage, is teetering in the living stage, and through the unfolding life of the old man, is painfully aware of the future. Is it fear of growing old, the loneliness, or despair, which delivers the old waiter into his dark, unclean world of nothing? His mockery of the Our Father is the cumulative answer to the question. He has lost his own meaning of life. When hope has waned, despair overwhelms and we see the transition from the living to the time of dying. The old man has journeyed through all the progressions of life. The old mans death wish is further played out through the metaphor of insomnia, an ailment that he apparently shares with the older waiter. Along with the development of three characters, Hemingway creates the overall tone of the story by first contrasting between light and dark. The most obvious image is the caf, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. It is a refuge from the darkness of the night outside. Darkness is a symbol of fear and loneliness. The light symbolizes comfort and the company of others. There is hopelessness in the dark, while the light calms the nerves. Unfortunately for the old man, the light is an artificial one, and its peace is both temporary and incomplete. the tables were empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind(256). Possibly, the old man hides in the shadows of the leaves because he recognizes the shortcomings of his refuge. Perhaps he is drawn to the shadows so that the darkness of his own age will not be so visible. Unlike the young waiter who is not frighten by the darkness because of his companion that waits for him in the dark, the o ld man has lost his wife. Even his ears bring him a sort of darkness as they hold out the sounds of the world. The old mans deafness is also a powerful image that contributes to the tone of the story. the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he could feel the difference(256). Deafness ostracizes the old man form the rest of the world. In the day, everything must be a reminder to him of his disconnection from the world. In the caf so late at night he is

Within one of the areas of HRM, Marketing or MIS, critically describe Assignment

Within one of the areas of HRM, Marketing or MIS, critically describe the advantages and disadvantages of committee work as a feature of teams - Assignment Example Though a committee may have its own objective, for example a centralized promotions committee has an objective of promoting individuals for various departments; each deciding member would have his/her individual preferences for candidates as the various members are drawn from different departments. The main purpose of forming a committee is to complete a task â€Å"on behalf of a larger group of people† (Grigsby 2008). We will look into details about the various aspects of teams and committees in greater detail in our ensuing discussion. However, we will first see how committees and teams are important for the organizations. Both are required for specific purposes in an organization. Teams are required when a task requires employees from different functions to work together while a committee’s purpose is to get experts in various fields to decide upon an action through consensus. Thus, in a committee all members are equal in power and responsibility for the overall task and are answerable as a whole and not as individuals. In a way, a committee can be considered as a team with a slightly different function and structure and perceived authority and responsibility. A team can be defined as â€Å"A group of people who are committed to a common goal, work together, and help each other.† (Resnick 2007). A team has a specific goal to accomplish and all its members focus on this goal, leaving behind all their personal objectives. The tasks are divided into various sub-activities and each team member is given responsibility of completing that task. Each member of the team is responsible for his task and accountable for any failures of the same. Each member knows that his/her success depends on the success of the team which brings about commitment towards the end goal. Though the main purpose of a team is to achieve a specific organizational goal, a team goes through many phases of development before it is actually ready

Environmental Management In Developing Countries Dissertation

Environmental Management In Developing Countries - Dissertation Example Environmental management is a branch of study which deals with the environment and its proper management to ensure that human activities have a minimum impact on the environment (Selin and Chevez, 1995). Environmental management does not directly take care of the environment by planting more trees or cleaning up polluted water bodies, but it indirectly helps to preserve the environment by taking strong measures against the organizations which cause pollution and environmental degradation. According to Sheldon and Yoxon (2006), the aspects which environmental management takes care of are activities such as manufacturing, services, and logistics of organizations. Environmental management system (EMS) is the programs which are adopted by organizations for implementing proper environmental management procedures. In EMS, the environmental programs of an organization are created in a more organized and systematic manner (Marguglio 1991). Therefore, the organizations which adopt EMS in their work procedure must include EMS in their organizational structure, each step of their manufacturing process, and include EMS in the resource development stage also. EMS is one of the most important concepts in the world today as the governments of the world are realizing the effects of environmental degradation (Born and Sonzogni 1995). A number of governments including India are encouraging the Indian corporate and manufacturing sectors to integrate EMS into their organizational structure. EMS has a number of benefits. Some of them include improving the environmental performance of an organization, helping an organization to systematically resolve any environmental issues that may come up, helping in a better understanding of the short term and long term effects of its manufacturing process, services or products.

Are the constructive trust rules affecting co-owned housing based on Essay

Are the constructive trust rules affecting co-owned housing based on the common intention of the parties - Essay Example First and foremost, intimate relations are based on trusts and this is particularly important where â€Å"individual autonomy† is ceded in reliance and trust on the perpetuation of shared goals and objectives.3 Secondly, the rules applicable to constructive trusts recognize that the intimate bond can be broken and equity will intervene to ensure that one party is not unjustly enriched to the detriment of the other.4 Thus the rules of constructive trust are designed to interpret and affect co-owned housing in circumstances where factual evidence contradicts the legally documented ownership of the house in question. The courts do not automatically interpret the mere existence of a relationship at time the house is acquired as evidence of co-ownership. The courts are guided by the concept of unconscionability and refer to the common intentions of the parties in determining what is conscionable or unconscionable. The main idea is to determine whether the common intentions of the p arties are sufficiently made out to justify a claim to co-ownership against the legal title to real property.5 Thus it is argued that the rules of constructive trusts affecting co-owned housing are based on identifying the common intentions of the parties. This paper demonstrates how the courts have relied on the identification of the common intentions of the parties to determine whether or not it would be unconscionable to enforce ownership by reference only to the legal title. The first part of this paper therefore examines and analyses the doctrinal basis of constructive trusts and the second part of this paper demonstrates how the common intentions of the parties forms the basis by which co-owned housing is interpreted under the rules of constructive trusts. The Doctrinal Basis of Constructive Trusts The result of a court finding the existence of a constructive trust is twofold. First the court may order that one party compensate another or that one party â€Å"convey a particu lar right† to another.6 It is this characterization of the constructive trust that has given way to criticisms that the constructive trust is no more than a fiction created by the courts and is not comparable to an express trust. More specifically it is argued that the constructive trust is confusing and with an unclear doctrinal basis because it interprets entirely personal matters relative to property and thus does not follow a clear and concise doctrine.7 Despite the criticisms about the nature and doctrinal basis of the constructive trust, it is based on a sound doctrine: the equitable distribution of property.8 As Hudson explains, the constructive trust serves a practical purpose. It provides a means by which the courts may imply a trust so that â€Å"justice is done on the facts before† the courts â€Å"on the basis of preventing unconscionable conduct†.9 It therefore follows that constructive trusts are not based on a doctrine that facilitates random distr ibution of property. Rather, the constructive trust is applied â€Å"to ensure that an ethical notion of good conscience is maintained in English law.†10 The House of Lords puts the doctrinal basis of the constructive trusts in its proper perspective by noting the equity has always focused on the conscience.11 Hudson argues that constructive trusts are imposed: ...on the basis of the defendant knowing of some factor which affects her conscience in

The meaning of life Essay Example for Free

The meaning of life Essay Introduction: According to Saint Exupery in The Halo (2006), â€Å"Each man must look to himself to teach him the meaning of life. It is not something discovered: it is something moulded. † The meaning of life has a no specific definition; it depends on how each individual give meaning to their lives. It is a natural thing for an individual to curiously know about their life since their birth till death. Moreover, human beings are also curious to find out why they were put in this earth that is why babies keep touching everything in order to experience all their surroundings from the very beginning (Taylor, 2000). In this essay, the concept of meaning will be significantly analysed. Firstly, by defining the meaning which will secondly be followed by discussing the different types of needs an individual must meet to experience the meaning of life. Thirdly, the types of things that enhance and curb the experience of the meaning of life will be highlighted. Lastly, various practical steps will be described to enhance the experience of the meaning of life. This essay will be intertwined with personal reflections and aspirations that have enhanced the meaning of life for the writer. What is the meaning of ‘meaning’? Subjectivism: According to Eagleton (2007), everyone adds their own meaning to life. The meaning of life is never universal or complex. The meaning of life is very simple and people experience it when they understand the universe, themselves, their identity and their goal in life (Bennet, 2005). Subjectivists state that the meaning differs with individuals’ psychological and mental states and their desires and goals. For example one individual can find meaning of life in music or art while other may find it in attaining goals or in religion (REF). In addition to this, (REF) states that life only becomes meaningful when all the needs and wants are fulfilled and when the individual is content and satisfied with themselves. Super naturalistic views: On the other hand, spiritual beings consider their lives to be consequential and significant when they can reach the pious pathway God has set (REF). The God-centred view points out that the definitive meaning of life is holistically attained. Moreover, an individual will only figure out the meaning of life when they are not attached to the worldly desires (REF). Personal reflection: Personally, the meaning of life for me is constantly being in search for my identity and accomplishing the goals I have set in life. I explore my identity through my art work as it helps me express my feelings and emotions about everything. My art work makes me realize who I am as a person and what people interpret me as a person through my paintings. What types of needs must be met for a person to experience meaning in life? Searching the meaning of life is a motivational force in an individual however; the degree of motivation to which they search the meaning of life differs in all individuals (REF). Despite individuals having different degrees of motivation, there are some needs and conditions that must be met for the individuals to experience the meaning of life. Individuals do not necessarily have to meet the same needs and conditions to experience the meaning of life. Some individuals are inspired by other individuals like great artists, inventors and thinkers, some individuals need sense of belonging, some need to experience certain events to make sense of life while others need to attain autonomy and self efficacy to experience the meaning of life. In short, individuals can discover the meaning of life through social work, experiencing something or someone or reactions towards unavoidable circumstances (REF). For example, an individual who is very emotional needs to experience the need of belonging in order to experience the meaning of life. They need to have many friends and a good relationship with their family in order to satisfy their need of belonging; this helps the individual to live a happy and full life. However, if they do not feel the sense of belonging, they have no hope hence do not have anything to look forward to and see no point of living. Conversely, not all individuals need to meet the need of belonging to experience the meaning of life. Some may have to experience the need of autonomy and self efficacy. These types of individuals usually have certain goals and tasks in life which they believe they can attain thus that would help them experience the meaning of life. For example, an individual whose goal is to become a doctor tries to attain that goal by being a hard worker and devoting all his time to attain their goal. They would experience the meaning of life when they achieve the title of the doctor as it would help them conquer a place in the community and gain some prestige. In addition to this, if an individual fails to attain this need might gain a very low self esteem which would then impact on the choices they makes in life. They would become very dependent on others and would not be able to cope with that leading them to suffer from various health issues. What types of things enhance the experience of meaning in life? The meaning of life can be enhanced by sustaining life, accepting a teaching, giving life or creating wisdom (REF). For example things that would enhance the meaning of life for mothers, doctors and nurses is when they deliver as links in a biological chain by giving life from one generation to the other. Young artists are inspired and enhance their meaning of life when they authorize and respect and accept their teacher’s work (REF). Personally, as an artist, the meaning of life for me is enhanced when I can appreciate the work of different artists and what they are trying to express in their paintings. Art work makes me understand the different feelings individuals go though and how they express it through drawings. It also makes me see different viewpoints of life and experiences people are going through. Despite all individuals having different needs to discover the meaning of life, there are certain things that all individuals require to enhance the meaning of life like: Hope Inspiration Goals High self esteem. What types of things curb the experience of meaning in life? Many individuals curb their experiences of the meaning in life due to: No inspiration or goals and failure: If an individual constantly fails and has no potential and inspiration of achieving his goals may feel ineffective and hopeless. They may start feeling that they have no purpose in life and life is completely meaningless for them. Loss of loved ones: loss of a loved one through death or divorce may affect an individual mentally and emotionally. They may feel the are not loved and do not belong anywhere as their loved one does not exist anymore. The loss brings suffering and misery which makes an individual believe that like if meaningless. Lastly, experiences like these pushes an individual to have a low self esteem and become reserved (REF). Personal Reflection: If individuals are not open, emotionless or afraid to be seen as themselves due to low self esteem cannot enhance their meaning of life and hence would curb this experience. As an artist, my goal is to become an art teacher and help other children to express their feelings through painting if they cannot through words. However, I have a clear goal and always have been inspired by my father to attain this goal. If I had a low self esteem and did not believe in myself, I would have no hope hence that would curb the search of meaning of life as I would feel I am worthless Practical steps to enhance the experience of a meaningful life As mentioned above, many individuals curb their experiences of the meaning in life due to low self esteem, no inspiration, no goals and being reserved. However, they can enhance their experience firstly by accepting and believing in themselves. This would help them make a contribution to life and share their best. According to (REF) self-destructive behaviour can be conquered by increasing self-efficacy and self-esteem. This can be done through counselling so that they can start believing in themselves. Individuals who need the sense of belonging to experience the meaning of life should try and fit in and socialize with people they are close to and have good relationships with them all. Furthermore, individuals who are trying to attain a specific goal should always reward themselves every time they are a step closer towards the goal. This would keep them motivated and not lose hope. Personally, I enhance my experience by acknowledging the great artists and how they are an inspiration to other young artists. Conclusion Finally as mentioned there is no specific meaning of life. All individuals need to meet different types of needs such as the need of belonging, experiencing life threatening incidents, need of autonomy and self efficacy to experience the meaning of life. An individual’s perception, values, needs and feelings centre him and help in organizing the world around him. Feelings help in expressing oneself. If an individual has a great skill in expressing himself, he can change the larger world. Great artists found expressions in their art work which helped them change the world that came after them. The creations around us are the different individuals trying to express themselves and their experiences of the meaning of life. All the inhibitors that we posses such as low self esteem and inner struggles should be resolved to make life more creative and enhance the meaning of life.

Odyssey :: essays research papers

"Furthermore, we have not even to risk the adventure alone, for the heroes of all time here gone before us." (p.1 A Heroes Adventure). This quote from Joseph Campbell tells you the essence of a hero. Odysseus might be a hero in the book but Telemachus was the one who went through the real journey. Campbell defines a hero one as "who has found or done something beyond the normal range of achievement and experience. A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself." (p.1 A Heroes Adventure) Now if you consider the fact that Odysseus was put in this series of predicaments but outside forces that would consider him a hero, wouldn't you? But, he did not believe in or accept those gods as power above beyond himself. Now if he does not believe as the gods as a higher power then he is not a hero because Campbell specifically states that "a hero is one who accomplishes something bigger than one's self." If Odysseus does not believe that the gods are a higher power, than he did not accomplish something above and beyond an abnormal adventure by defeating the spite of Poseidon. Campbell defines a hero by the type of adventure as well. "Well there are two types of deed. One is the physical deed, in which the hero performs a courageous act in battle or saves a life. The other kind is the spiritual deed, in which the hero learns to experience the supernormal range of human spiritual life and then comes back with a message." p.1(A Heroes Adventure) So this does say that Odysseus is a hero to some degree, but who is the real hero? Telemachus is the real hero. He went both through the physical journey searching for Odysseus and the spiritual journey. He went on the spiritual journey of becoming a man. Facing the hardships of keeping his mother safe from freeloaders and somewhat of keeping a kingdom in order until the return of his father. With juggled his period of adolescents, he showed that he had the strength not in his muscles because one on one he would get beaten badly, but in his heart to overcome his hardships to the best of his ability. Campbell yet again flat out says that Telemachus is a hero on page 129, "Odysseus' son Telemachus was told by Athena, "Go find your father."That father quest is a major hero adventure for young people.